No results found
No results found
1982 German Grand Prix
Round
12/16
Date
Aug 8, 1982 at 00:00 CEST
Location
Hockenheim, Germany
Circuit
Circuit length
6.797 m
Race distance
305.865 km (45 laps)
Tambay
Winner
1:27:25.178
Winning time
Pironi
Pole position
Piquet
Fastest lap
1:54.035
Fastest lap time
Results
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Time/Retired | Grid | Laps | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #27 Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | 1:27:25.178 | 5th | 45 | 9 |
| 2 | #16 René Arnoux | Renault | +16.380 | 3rd | 45 | 6 |
| 3 | #6 Keke Rosberg | Williams | +1 lap | 9th | 44 | 4 |
| 4 | #3 Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell | +1 lap | 7th | 44 | 3 |
| 5 | #23 Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | +1 lap | 11th | 44 | 2 |
| 6 | #29 Marc Surer | Arrows | +1 lap | 26th | 44 | 1 |
| 7 | #4 Brian Henton | Tyrrell | +1 lap | 17th | 44 | |
| 8 | #14 Roberto Guerrero | Ensign | +1 lap | 21st | 44 | |
| 9 | #12 Nigel Mansell | Lotus | +2 laps | 18th | 43 | |
| 10 | #35 Derek Warwick | Toleman | +2 laps | 14th | 43 | |
| 11 | #20 Chico Serra | Fittipaldi | +2 laps | 25th | 43 | |
| DNF | #7 John Watson | McLaren | Spun off | 10th | 36 | |
| DNF | #26 Jacques Laffite | Ligier | Handling | 15th | 36 | |
| DNF | #5 Derek Daly | Williams | Engine | 19th | 25 | |
| DNF | #18 Raul Boesel | March | Tyre | 24th | 22 | |
| DNF | #11 Elio de Angelis | Lotus | Handling | 13th | 21 | |
| DNF | #1 Nelson Piquet | Brabham | Collision | 4th | 18 | |
| DNF | #10 Eliseo Salazar | ATS | Collision | 22nd | 17 | |
| DNF | #15 Alain Prost | Renault | Injection | 2nd | 14 | |
| DNF | #2 Riccardo Patrese | Brabham | Engine | 6th | 13 | |
| DNF | #22 Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | Gearbox | 8th | 9 | |
| DNF | #25 Eddie Cheever | Ligier | Fuel system | 12th | 8 | |
| DNF | #30 Mauro Baldi | Arrows | Fuel system | 23rd | 6 | |
| DNF | #31 Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella | Steering | 20th | 3 | |
| DNF | #9 Manfred Winkelhock | ATS | Clutch | 16th | 3 | |
| DNS | #28 Didier Pironi | Ferrari | Accident in practice | 1st | ||
| DNS | #8 Niki Lauda | McLaren | Withdrew | |||
| DNQ | #33 Tommy Byrne | Theodore | ||||
| DNQ | #17 Rupert Keegan | March | ||||
| DNQ | #36 Teo Fabi | Toleman |
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #28 Didier Pironi | Ferrari | 1:47.947 | |
| 2 | #15 Alain Prost | Renault | 1:48.890 | +0.943 |
| 3 | #16 René Arnoux | Renault | 1:49.256 | +1.309 |
| 4 | #1 Nelson Piquet | Brabham | 1:49.415 | +1.468 |
| 5 | #27 Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | 1:49.570 | +1.623 |
| 6 | #2 Riccardo Patrese | Brabham | 1:49.760 | +1.813 |
| 7 | #3 Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell | 1:52.625 | +4.678 |
| 8 | #8 Niki Lauda | McLaren | 1:52.683 | +4.736 |
| 9 | #22 Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | 1:52.786 | +4.839 |
| 10 | #6 Keke Rosberg | Williams | 1:52.892 | +4.945 |
| 11 | #7 John Watson | McLaren | 1:53.073 | +5.126 |
| 12 | #23 Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | 1:53.887 | +5.940 |
| 13 | #25 Eddie Cheever | Ligier | 1:54.211 | +6.264 |
| 14 | #11 Elio de Angelis | Lotus | 1:54.476 | +6.529 |
| 15 | #35 Derek Warwick | Toleman | 1:54.594 | +6.647 |
| 16 | #26 Jacques Laffite | Ligier | 1:54.982 | +7.035 |
| 17 | #9 Manfred Winkelhock | ATS | 1:55.223 | +7.276 |
| 18 | #4 Brian Henton | Tyrrell | 1:55.474 | +7.527 |
| 19 | #12 Nigel Mansell | Lotus | 1:55.866 | +7.919 |
| 20 | #5 Derek Daly | Williams | 1:55.876 | +7.929 |
| 21 | #31 Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella | 1:56.250 | +8.303 |
| 22 | #14 Roberto Guerrero | Ensign | 1:56.489 | +8.542 |
| 23 | #10 Eliseo Salazar | ATS | 1:56.537 | +8.590 |
| 24 | #30 Mauro Baldi | Arrows | 1:56.680 | +8.733 |
| 25 | #18 Raul Boesel | March | 1:57.245 | +9.298 |
| 26 | #20 Chico Serra | Fittipaldi | 1:57.337 | +9.390 |
| 27 | #29 Marc Surer | Arrows | 1:57.402 | +9.455 |
| 28 | #33 Tommy Byrne | Theodore | 1:59.007 | +11.060 |
| 29 | #17 Rupert Keegan | March | 1:59.951 | +12.004 |
| 30 | #36 Teo Fabi | Toleman |
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #1 Nelson Piquet | Brabham | 2:03.434 | |
| 2 | #27 Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | 2:04.090 | +0.656 |
| 3 | #6 Keke Rosberg | Williams | 2:05.368 | +1.934 |
| 4 | #5 Derek Daly | Williams | 2:07.514 | +4.080 |
| 5 | #15 Alain Prost | Renault | 2:07.540 | +4.106 |
| 6 | #7 John Watson | McLaren | 2:07.821 | +4.387 |
| 7 | #22 Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | 2:08.873 | +5.439 |
| 8 | #29 Marc Surer | Arrows | 2:10.226 | +6.792 |
| 9 | #16 René Arnoux | Renault | 2:11.164 | +7.730 |
| 10 | #4 Brian Henton | Tyrrell | 2:11.280 | +7.846 |
| 11 | #9 Manfred Winkelhock | ATS | 2:11.564 | +8.130 |
| 12 | #31 Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella | 2:11.607 | +8.173 |
| 13 | #10 Eliseo Salazar | ATS | 2:11.823 | +8.389 |
| 14 | #30 Mauro Baldi | Arrows | 2:12.107 | +8.673 |
| 15 | #23 Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | 2:12.880 | +9.446 |
| 16 | #33 Tommy Byrne | Theodore | 2:13.032 | +9.598 |
| 17 | #18 Raul Boesel | March | 2:13.758 | +10.324 |
| 18 | #14 Roberto Guerrero | Ensign | 2:14.398 | +10.964 |
| 19 | #28 Didier Pironi | Ferrari | ||
| 20 | #2 Riccardo Patrese | Brabham | ||
| 21 | #3 Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell | ||
| 22 | #8 Niki Lauda | McLaren | ||
| 23 | #25 Eddie Cheever | Ligier | ||
| 24 | #11 Elio de Angelis | Lotus | ||
| 25 | #35 Derek Warwick | Toleman | ||
| 26 | #26 Jacques Laffite | Ligier | ||
| 27 | #12 Nigel Mansell | Lotus | ||
| 28 | #20 Chico Serra | Fittipaldi | ||
| 29 | #17 Rupert Keegan | March | ||
| 30 | #36 Teo Fabi | Toleman |
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #28 Didier Pironi | Ferrari | 1:47.947 | |
| 2 | #15 Alain Prost | Renault | 1:48.890 | +0.943 |
| 3 | #16 René Arnoux | Renault | 1:49.256 | +1.309 |
| 4 | #1 Nelson Piquet | Brabham | 1:49.415 | +1.468 |
| 5 | #27 Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | 1:49.570 | +1.623 |
| 6 | #2 Riccardo Patrese | Brabham | 1:49.760 | +1.813 |
| 7 | #3 Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell | 1:52.625 | +4.678 |
| 8 | #8 Niki Lauda | McLaren | 1:52.683 | +4.736 |
| 9 | #22 Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | 1:52.786 | +4.839 |
| 10 | #6 Keke Rosberg | Williams | 1:52.892 | +4.945 |
| 11 | #7 John Watson | McLaren | 1:53.073 | +5.126 |
| 12 | #23 Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | 1:53.887 | +5.940 |
| 13 | #25 Eddie Cheever | Ligier | 1:54.211 | +6.264 |
| 14 | #11 Elio de Angelis | Lotus | 1:54.476 | +6.529 |
| 15 | #35 Derek Warwick | Toleman | 1:54.594 | +6.647 |
| 16 | #26 Jacques Laffite | Ligier | 1:54.982 | +7.035 |
| 17 | #9 Manfred Winkelhock | ATS | 1:55.223 | +7.276 |
| 18 | #4 Brian Henton | Tyrrell | 1:55.474 | +7.527 |
| 19 | #12 Nigel Mansell | Lotus | 1:55.866 | +7.919 |
| 20 | #5 Derek Daly | Williams | 1:55.876 | +7.929 |
| 21 | #31 Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella | 1:56.250 | +8.303 |
| 22 | #14 Roberto Guerrero | Ensign | 1:56.489 | +8.542 |
| 23 | #10 Eliseo Salazar | ATS | 1:56.537 | +8.590 |
| 24 | #30 Mauro Baldi | Arrows | 1:56.680 | +8.733 |
| 25 | #18 Raul Boesel | March | 1:57.245 | +9.298 |
| 26 | #20 Chico Serra | Fittipaldi | 1:57.337 | +9.390 |
| 27 | #29 Marc Surer | Arrows | 1:57.402 | +9.455 |
| 28 | #33 Tommy Byrne | Theodore | 1:59.007 | +11.060 |
| 29 | #17 Rupert Keegan | March | 1:59.951 | +12.004 |
| 30 | #36 Teo Fabi | Toleman |
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap | Lap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #1 Nelson Piquet | Brabham | 1:54.035 | 7 |
Standings
| Pos. | Driver | Constructor | Wins | Podiums | Points | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Didier Pironi | Ferrari | 2 | 6 | 39 | |
| 2 | John Watson | McLaren | 2 | 4 | 30 | -9 |
| 3 | Keke Rosberg | Williams | 0 | 4 | 27 | -12 |
| 4 | Alain Prost | Renault | 2 | 3 | 25 | -14 |
| 5 | Niki Lauda | McLaren | 2 | 2 | 24 | -15 |
| 6 | Riccardo Patrese | Brabham | 1 | 3 | 19 | -20 |
| 7 | René Arnoux | Renault | 1 | 3 | 19 | -20 |
| 8 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham | 1 | 2 | 17 | -22 |
| 9 | Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | 1 | 2 | 16 | -23 |
| 10 | Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell | 0 | 1 | 14 | -25 |
| 11 | Elio de Angelis | Lotus | 0 | 0 | 13 | -26 |
| 12 | Eddie Cheever | Ligier | 0 | 2 | 10 | -29 |
| 13 | Nigel Mansell | Lotus | 0 | 1 | 7 | -32 |
| 14 | Derek Daly | Williams | 0 | 0 | 7 | -32 |
| 15 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams | 0 | 1 | 6 | -33 |
| 16 | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 0 | 1 | 6 | -33 |
| 17 | Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | 0 | 1 | 5 | -34 |
| 18 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella | 0 | 0 | 3 | -36 |
| 19 | Marc Surer | Arrows | 0 | 0 | 3 | -36 |
| 20 | Manfred Winkelhock | ATS | 0 | 0 | 2 | -37 |
| 21 | Eliseo Salazar | ATS | 0 | 0 | 2 | -37 |
| 22 | Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | 0 | 0 | 2 | -37 |
| 23 | Chico Serra | Fittipaldi | 0 | 0 | 1 | -38 |
| 24 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier | 0 | 0 | 1 | -38 |
| 25 | Mauro Baldi | Arrows | 0 | 0 | 1 | -38 |
| Pos. | Constructor | Engine | Wins | Podiums | Points | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ferrari | Ferrari | 3 | 9 | 61 | |
| 2 | McLaren | Ford | 4 | 6 | 54 | -7 |
| 3 | Renault | Renault | 3 | 6 | 44 | -17 |
| 4 | Williams | Ford | 0 | 5 | 40 | -21 |
| 5 | Lotus | Ford | 0 | 1 | 20 | -41 |
| 6 | Brabham | Ford | 2 | 5 | 19 | -42 |
| 7 | Brabham | BMW | 2 | 5 | 17 | -44 |
| 8 | Tyrrell | Ford | 0 | 1 | 14 | -47 |
| 9 | Ligier | Matra | 0 | 2 | 11 | -50 |
| 10 | Alfa Romeo | Alfa Romeo | 0 | 1 | 7 | -54 |
| 11 | ATS | Ford | 0 | 0 | 4 | -57 |
| 12 | Arrows | Ford | 0 | 0 | 4 | -57 |
| 13 | Osella | Ford | 0 | 0 | 3 | -58 |
| 14 | Fittipaldi | Ford | 0 | 0 | 1 | -60 |
More German GP
| Year | Winner | 2nd | 3rd | Fastest lap | Pole position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | #33 Max Verstappen | Sebastian Vettel | Daniil Kvyat | 1:16.645 - Max Verstappen | Lewis Hamilton |
| 2018 | #44 Lewis Hamilton | Valtteri Bottas | Kimi Räikkönen | 1:15.545 - Lewis Hamilton | Sebastian Vettel |
| 2016 | #44 Lewis Hamilton | Daniel Ricciardo | Max Verstappen | 1:18.442 - Daniel Ricciardo | Nico Rosberg |
| 2014 | #6 Nico Rosberg | Valtteri Bottas | Lewis Hamilton | 1:19.908 - Lewis Hamilton | Nico Rosberg |
| 2013 | #1 Sebastian Vettel | Kimi Räikkönen | Romain Grosjean | 1:33.468 - Fernando Alonso | Lewis Hamilton |
| 2012 | #5 Fernando Alonso | Jenson Button | Kimi Räikkönen | 1:18.725 - Michael Schumacher | Fernando Alonso |
| 2011 | #3 Lewis Hamilton | Fernando Alonso | Mark Webber | 1:34.302 - Lewis Hamilton | Mark Webber |
| 2010 | #8 Fernando Alonso | Felipe Massa | Sebastian Vettel | 1:15.824 - Sebastian Vettel | Sebastian Vettel |
| 2009 | #14 Mark Webber | Sebastian Vettel | Felipe Massa | 1:33.365 - Fernando Alonso | Mark Webber |
| 2008 | #22 Lewis Hamilton | Nelson Piquet Jr. | Felipe Massa | 1:15.987 - Nick Heidfeld | Lewis Hamilton |
| 2006 | #5 Michael Schumacher | Felipe Massa | Kimi Räikkönen | 1:16.357 - Michael Schumacher | Kimi Räikkönen |
| 2005 | #5 Fernando Alonso | Juan Pablo Montoya | Jenson Button | 1:14.873 - Kimi Räikkönen | Kimi Räikkönen |
| 2004 | #1 Michael Schumacher | Jenson Button | Fernando Alonso | 1:13.780 - Kimi Räikkönen | Michael Schumacher |
| 2003 | #3 Juan Pablo Montoya | David Coulthard | Jarno Trulli | 1:14.917 - Juan Pablo Montoya | Juan Pablo Montoya |
| 2002 | #1 Michael Schumacher | Juan Pablo Montoya | Ralf Schumacher | 1:16.462 - Michael Schumacher | Michael Schumacher |
| 2001 | #5 Ralf Schumacher | Rubens Barrichello | Jacques Villeneuve | 1:41.808 - Juan Pablo Montoya | Juan Pablo Montoya |
| 2000 | #4 Rubens Barrichello | Mika Häkkinen | David Coulthard | 1:44.300 - Rubens Barrichello | David Coulthard |
| 1999 | #4 Eddie Irvine | Mika Salo | Heinz-Harald Frentzen | 1:45.270 - David Coulthard | Mika Häkkinen |
| 1998 | #8 Mika Häkkinen | David Coulthard | Jacques Villeneuve | 1:46.116 - David Coulthard | Mika Häkkinen |
| 1997 | #8 Gerhard Berger | Michael Schumacher | Mika Häkkinen | 1:45.747 - Gerhard Berger | Gerhard Berger |
| 1996 | #5 Damon Hill | Jean Alesi | Jacques Villeneuve | 1:46.504 - Damon Hill | Damon Hill |
| 1995 | #1 Michael Schumacher | David Coulthard | Gerhard Berger | 1:48.824 - Michael Schumacher | Damon Hill |
| 1994 | #28 Gerhard Berger | Olivier Panis | Éric Bernard | 1:46.211 - David Coulthard | Gerhard Berger |
| 1993 | #2 Alain Prost | Michael Schumacher | Mark Blundell | 1:41.859 - Michael Schumacher | Alain Prost |
| 1992 | #5 Nigel Mansell | Ayrton Senna | Michael Schumacher | 1:41.591 - Riccardo Patrese | Nigel Mansell |
| 1991 | #5 Nigel Mansell | Riccardo Patrese | Jean Alesi | 1:43.569 - Riccardo Patrese | Nigel Mansell |
| 1990 | #27 Ayrton Senna | Alessandro Nannini | Gerhard Berger | 1:45.602 - Thierry Boutsen | Ayrton Senna |
| 1989 | #1 Ayrton Senna | Alain Prost | Nigel Mansell | 1:45.884 - Ayrton Senna | Ayrton Senna |
| 1988 | #12 Ayrton Senna | Alain Prost | Gerhard Berger | 2:03.032 - Alessandro Nannini | Ayrton Senna |
| 1987 | #6 Nelson Piquet | Stefan Johansson | Ayrton Senna | 1:45.716 - Nigel Mansell | Nigel Mansell |
| 1986 | #6 Nelson Piquet | Ayrton Senna | Nigel Mansell | 1:46.604 - Gerhard Berger | Keke Rosberg |
| 1985 | #27 Michele Alboreto | Alain Prost | Jacques Laffite | 1:22.806 - Niki Lauda | Teo Fabi |
| 1984 | #7 Alain Prost | Niki Lauda | Derek Warwick | 1:53.538 - Alain Prost | Alain Prost |
| 1983 | #28 René Arnoux | Andrea de Cesaris | Riccardo Patrese | 1:53.938 - René Arnoux | Patrick Tambay |
| 1981 | #5 Nelson Piquet | Alain Prost | Jacques Laffite | 1:52.420 - Alan Jones | Alain Prost |
| 1980 | #26 Jacques Laffite | Carlos Reutemann | Alan Jones | 1:48.490 - Alan Jones | Alan Jones |
| 1979 | #27 Alan Jones | Clay Regazzoni | Jacques Laffite | 1:51.890 - Gilles Villeneuve | Jean-Pierre Jabouille |
| 1978 | #5 Mario Andretti | Jody Scheckter | Jacques Laffite | 1:55.620 - Ronnie Peterson | Mario Andretti |
| 1977 | #11 Niki Lauda | Jody Scheckter | Hans-Joachim Stuck | 1:55.990 - Niki Lauda | Jody Scheckter |
| 1976 | #11 James Hunt | Jody Scheckter | Jochen Mass | 7:10.800 - Jody Scheckter | James Hunt |
| 1975 | #7 Carlos Reutemann | Jacques Laffite | Niki Lauda | 7:06.400 - Clay Regazzoni | Niki Lauda |
| 1974 | #11 Clay Regazzoni | Jody Scheckter | Carlos Reutemann | 7:11.100 - Jody Scheckter | Niki Lauda |
| 1973 | #5 Jackie Stewart | François Cevert | Jacky Ickx | 7:11.400 - Carlos Pace | Jackie Stewart |
| 1972 | #4 Jacky Ickx | Clay Regazzoni | Ronnie Peterson | 7:13.600 - Jacky Ickx | Jacky Ickx |
| 1971 | #2 Jackie Stewart | François Cevert | Clay Regazzoni | 7:20.100 - François Cevert | Jackie Stewart |
| 1970 | #2 Jochen Rindt | Jacky Ickx | Denny Hulme | 2:00.500 - Jacky Ickx | Jacky Ickx |
| 1969 | #6 Jacky Ickx | Jackie Stewart | Bruce McLaren | 7:43.800 - Jacky Ickx | Jacky Ickx |
| 1968 | #6 Jackie Stewart | Graham Hill | Jochen Rindt | 9:36.000 - Jackie Stewart | Jacky Ickx |
| 1967 | #2 Denny Hulme | Jack Brabham | Chris Amon | 8:15.100 - Dan Gurney | Jim Clark |
| 1966 | #3 Jack Brabham | John Surtees | Jochen Rindt | 8:49.000 - John Surtees | Jim Clark |
| 1965 | #1 Jim Clark | Graham Hill | Dan Gurney | 8:24.100 - Jim Clark | Jim Clark |
| 1964 | #7 John Surtees | Graham Hill | Lorenzo Bandini | 8:39.000 - John Surtees | John Surtees |
| 1963 | #7 John Surtees | Jim Clark | Richie Ginther | 8:47.000 - John Surtees | Jim Clark |
| 1962 | #11 Graham Hill | John Surtees | Dan Gurney | 10:12.200 - Graham Hill | Dan Gurney |
| 1961 | #7 Stirling Moss | Wolfgang von Trips | Phil Hill | 8:57.800 - Phil Hill | Phil Hill |
| 1959 | #4 Tony Brooks | Dan Gurney | Phil Hill | 2:04.500 - Tony Brooks | Tony Brooks |
| 1958 | #8 Tony Brooks | Roy Salvadori | Maurice Trintignant | 9:09.200 - Stirling Moss | Mike Hawthorn |
| 1957 | #1 Juan Manuel Fangio | Mike Hawthorn | Peter Collins | 9:17.400 - Juan Manuel Fangio | Juan Manuel Fangio |
| 1956 | #1 Juan Manuel Fangio | Stirling Moss | Jean Behra | 9:41.600 - Juan Manuel Fangio | Juan Manuel Fangio |
| 1954 | #18 Juan Manuel Fangio | José Froilán González | Maurice Trintignant | 9:55.100 - Karl Kling | Juan Manuel Fangio |
| 1953 | #2 Nino Farina | Juan Manuel Fangio | Mike Hawthorn | 9:56.000 - Alberto Ascari | Alberto Ascari |
| 1952 | #101 Alberto Ascari | Nino Farina | Rudi Fischer | 10:05.100 - Alberto Ascari | Alberto Ascari |
| 1951 | #71 Alberto Ascari | Juan Manuel Fangio | José Froilán González | 9:55.800 - Juan Manuel Fangio | Alberto Ascari |
The 1982 German Grand Prix started Aug 8, 1982 on Hockenheimring in Hockenheim, Germany. Didier Pironi started from pole position with Alain Prost next to him. René Arnoux started from third place.
In 1 hour, 27 minutes and 25 seconds Patrick Tambay finished the race in first place.The podium was completed with René Arnoux in second and Keke Rosberg in third place.
After the 1982 German Grand Prix, Didier Pironi is first in the Formula 1 World Championship with 39 points. Pironi is 9 points ahead of John Watson.